diff --git a/src/App.svelte b/src/App.svelte
index 0e0412e..4e4b501 100644
--- a/src/App.svelte
+++ b/src/App.svelte
@@ -9,36 +9,25 @@
   let padding = 0;
   let addPadding = true;
 
-  $: matrix =
-    matrixHeight > 0 && matrixWidth > 0
-      ? Array(matrixHeight)
-          .fill(1)
-          .map(() => Array(matrixWidth).fill(1))
-      : [[]];
-
-  $: kernel =
-    kernelHeight > 0 && kernelWidth > 0
-      ? Array(kernelHeight)
-          .fill(1)
-          .map(() => Array(kernelWidth).fill(1))
-      : [[]];
-
+  $: matrix = initMatrix(matrixWidth, matrixHeight, 1);
+  $: kernel = initMatrix(kernelWidth, kernelHeight, 1);
   $: result = conv_2d(kernel, matrix, addPadding, padding);
 
-  function uniform_array(len, value) {
-    let arr = new Array(len);
-    for (let i = 0; i < len; ++i)
-      arr[i] = Array.isArray(value) ? [...value] : value;
-    return arr;
+  function initMatrix(width, height, value) {
+    return width > 0 && height > 0
+      ? Array(Math.floor(height))
+          .fill(value)
+          .map(() => Array(Math.floor(width)).fill(value))
+      : [[]];
   }
 
   function conv_2d(kernel, array, addPadding, padding = 0) {
     // source: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/64669531/2d-convolution-for-javascript-arrays
-    let result = uniform_array(array.length, uniform_array(array[0].length, 0));
     let kRows = kernel.length;
     let kCols = kernel[0].length;
     let rows = array.length;
     let cols = array[0].length;
+    let result = initMatrix(cols, rows, 0);
     // find center position of kernel (half of kernel size)
     let kCenterX = Math.floor(kCols / 2);
     let kCenterY = Math.floor(kRows / 2);